Citation: Bakura, A.R. & Sani, A-U. (2023). Gudummawar Turawa Wajen Samuwa Da Ingantuwar Ƙa’idojin Rubutun Hausa. Scholars International Journal of Linguistics and Literature, (6)7, 272-277. www.doi.org/10.36348/sijll.2023.v06i07.003.
Daga
Adamu Rabi’u BAKURA
Department of Languages and Cultures,
Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
E-mail: arbakura62@gmail.com
And
Abu-Ubaida SANI
Department of Languages and Cultures,
Federal University, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
E-mail: abu-ubaidallah@fugusau.edu.ng, abuubaidasani5@gmail.com
Tsakure
Manufar wannan bincike shi ne shiga duniyar tarihi domin taliyon gudummawar Turawa wajen samarwa da bunƙasa ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa. Kadadar binciken ta taƙaita tsakanin 1840 zuwa 1993. An yi amfani da dabarar salon binciken laburare (library research) domin tattara bayanai inda aka dogara kan kundatattun bayanan tarihi. Binciken ya gano cewa, Turawa ne suka fara samar da tubalan ginin rubutun Hausa, sannan sun taka rawar gani sosai wajen gina ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa kafin a samu Hausawan da suka ci gaba da jan ragamar wannan fagen ilimi. Daga ƙarshe takardar ta ba da shawarwarin da suka haɗa da samun haɗin kan masana da manazarta tare da aiki tuƙuru bisa sadaukarwa domin samun cigaba da bunƙasar ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa tare da harshen baki ɗaya. Dole ne kuma a samu ingantattun hanyoyin watsa sababbin cigaba da amintattun sauye-sauye da ake samarwa.
Fitilun kalmomi: Ƙa’idojin Rubutu, Rubutun Hausa, Turawa
1.0 Gabatarwa
Harshen Hausa na da matuƙar sauƙin sarrafawa. Lafuzzan harrufan boko da ake rubuta Hausa da su, ba sa sauyawa kamar yadda ake samun sauyin a waɗansu harsuna. Misali a rubutun Hausa lafazin harafin /g/ ba ya sauyawa, koma bayan yadda yakan sauya a Ingilishi, inda yakan koma lafazin /j/ kamar a kalmar Germany. Haka kuma, a harshen Hausa ba a gutsure ƙarshen kalma wajen karatu tamkar yadda yake faruwa a harshen Larabci, a inda ake rubuta “bintu” a karanta shi da lafazin “bint.” Irin wannan sauƙin ne ya sa Turawa suka duƙufa suka koyi harshen har suka yi ƙoƙarin tsara masa ƙa’idojin rubutu domin cimma wata ɓoyayyar manufarsu.
Rubutu da maganar baki sun sha bamban. Hasali ma dai rubutu wakiltar maganar baka yake yi. Don haka ne suka yi tunanin tsara wasu ƙa’idojin da za su taimaka wa masu karatu saurin fahimtar abin da aka rubuta. Fahimtar haka ne ya sa aka ƙudurin aniyar komawa cikin fagen tarihi domin lalabo irin rawar da Turawa suka taka wajen aza harsashen gina ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausar boko. Takardar ta kawo ma’anonin tubalan ginin taken maƙalar tare da bayyana nau’o’in gudummawar da Turawan suka bayar kamar su Schon da Robinson da Hanns Vischer da Bargery da kuma R. M. East wanda ya kai gwauro ya kai mari don ganin Hausa ta sami daidaitacciyar hanyar rubutu.
1.1 Dabarun gudanar da bincike
An gudanar da rubuce-rubuce da dama game da kusan dukkannin lamuran da suka shafi mulkin mallaka da shige da ficen Turawan wancan zamani a Nijeriya ta Arewa. An yi amfani da salon binciken laburare (library research) a wannan takarda. A cikin kundatattun rubuce-rubucen tarihi, takardar ta mayar da hankali kai tsaye wajen zaƙulo ayyukan da Turawa suka yi wa harshen Hausa domin ƙalailaice nau’insu da tasirinsu.
Kadadar binciken ta taƙaita daga 1840 zuwa 1993. Wato dai, kadadar ta ƙunshi gudummawar Turawa da aka samu tun daga shekarar 1840, lokacin da James Frederic Schon ya share fagen rubutun Hausa. Sannan kadadar ta ƙare ƙare a shekarar 1993 kan ayyukan R.M. East.
2.0 Waiwayen tushen samuwar rubutun Hausa
Rubutu wani salo ne na zayyana wasu alamomi a kan wani abu mai bagire da za su wakilci magana. Ana iya kallon sa a matsayin wani nau’i na kwaikwayon magana wadda ake furtawa da fatar baki. Akwai waɗansu ‘yan bambance-bambance tsakaninsa da maganar fatar baka. Bambancin kuwa shi ne, naƙaltar ƙa’idojin rubutu. Rashin sanin ƙa’idar rubutu yana haifar da sauya ma’ana da rage wa matanin da aka rubuta kima.
Tun farkon zuwan Turawa a farfajiyar Afirka ta Yamma a cikin shekarar 1773, suka soma tsintar kalmomi da zantuttukan Hausa waɗanda suka tafi da su ƙasar Turai. Sun rubuta su ne da harruffan Romawa (boko), kamar yadda Hair, (1967 p. 32) ya nuna. A daidai wancan lokacin duk yadda kunnensu ya ji sautukan Hausar, haka nan suka rubuta su.
Ƙasashe kamar Jamus da Ingila su ne wuraren da aka fara ƙoƙarin daidaita harrufan Romawa wajen rubuta harsunan Afirka, ciki kuwa har da harshen Hausa. Wani masanin tarihin kalmomi da ke Jamus mai suna Lepsius, shi ne ya fara shirya wata hanyar rubutu a shekarar 1850. An kira wannan salo da suna Daidaitaccen Abjadi (Standardised Alphabet), kamar yadda Zarruk, (1980 p. 112) da Yahya, (1988 p. 74) da Bunza, (2002 p. 32) suka zo da bayanin. Ta wannan hanyar rubutu ce Turawan ƙasar Jamus da dama suka aiwatar da rubuce-rubucensu masu ɗimbin yawa da suka danganci harshen Hausa da adabinsa. Daga cikinsu akwai James Frederick Schon da Prietzer da Miscich da George Reime da Westerman da sauransu.
Yayin da aka karkata ƙasar Ingila kuwa, akwai masana kamar irin su: Farfesa Lee, da ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Gano Afirka (Association of African Research), waɗanda suka samar da wani matani da suka kira da suna Rubutun Afirka (Africans Writing). Daga cikin Turawan da suka yi amfani da wannan hanyar salon rubutu babu kamar Rabinson da Bargery, tamkar yadda Hair, (1967 p. 40) ya ambata.
2.1 Ƙa’idojin rabutun Hausa
Ƙamusai da dama sun bayyana ma’anar ƙa’idar rubutu (orthography) gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Webster, (2000: 834) ya bayyana ma’anar da cewa: “Wata fasahar rubuta kalmomi ne ta amfani da harrufan da suka dace bisa daidaitaccen tsari.” A ma’anarsa ta biyu kuwa, cewa ya yi: “Hanya ce da ake amfani da ita wajen wakiltar sautukan lafuzzan furucin harshe a rubuce ko kuma ta hanyar buga wasu sanannun alamomi.” Ba nan kawai ya tsaya ba, ya ma nuna cewa, wata hanyar nazari ce da ta danganci harrufa da rubutun kalmomin harshe. Ma’anar na da kusanci da wadda aka kawo a Macmillan (2007 p. 1058) inda aka zayyana cewa: “A nazarin ilimin harshe, ƙa’idar rubutu na nufin wani salon tsarin rubutu ne da ake amfani da shi wajen rubuta harrufan harshe.”
Idan aka yi la’akari da ma’anonin da aka bayar, za a iya cewa ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa na nufin daidaitacciyar hanyar da aka shata domin sarrafa abjadin Hausa cikin kyakkyawan tsarin ginin kalmomin Hausa, bisa dokokin haɗa kalma da kalma da raba su tare da ba kowane sautin furuci haƙƙinsa tamkar yadda tsarin nahawun harshen ya tanada, domin sadar da sahihiyar ma’ana a rubuce.
Yayin da aka tashi rubuta wata maganar fatar baki, dole ne a kula da wasu lafuzzan sautukan harshe tare da ƙoƙarin nuna su a rubuce domin sadar da saƙo mai ma’ana. Hakan ba zai tabbata ba sai ta hanyar fahimtar dokokin rubuta harshe. Rubutun Hausa, tamkar rubutun kowane harshe ne, yana da ƙa’idoji waɗanda tilas ne mai rubutu ya kiyaye su muddin yana buƙatar isar da saƙo mai ma’ana.
3.0 Turawa da samuwar ƙa’idojn rubutun Hausa
Fahimtar buƙatar samuwar daidaitacciyar hanyar rubutu ya sa Turawa suka haɗu suka shata ƙa’idojin rubuta Hausa da harrufan boko. Harshen Hausa da al’ummar Hausawa sun amfana, saboda hakan ya taimaka wajen cigaban harshen Hausa da kyautatuwar martabarsa. Ba don Turawa ba, da ɗora wa boko harsashi a Hausa ya yi wuya.
Turawan mishan da ‘yan leƙen asiri da ma’aikatan hukuma da ‘yan mulkin mallaka, sun taimaka wa rubutun Hausa a inda aka fito har ya sami kansa a matsayin da yake a yau. Sanin haka ne ya sa wannan maƙala ta ƙuduri aniyar komawa fagen tarihi domin zaƙulo rawar da Turawa suka taka wajen shimfiɗa harsashen ginin ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa, musamman hanyoyin da suka bi wajen mayyaze wasu sautukan Hausa da babu a harshen Ingilishi. Ko ba komai Hausawa sun ce, waiwaye adon tafiya.
3.1 Gudummawar Schon
Schon mutumin ƙasar Jamus ne. Cikakken sunansa James Frederic Schon. Aikin Mishan ya kai shi Saliyo a wajejen shekarar 1840. Bai taɓa saka ƙafarsa a farfajiyar ƙasar Hausa ba. Ya koyi Hausa ne wurin Dorogu da Abega, wasu bayi da Barth ya tafi da su ƙasar Turai, kamar yadda Yahaya (1988 P. 124) ya ambata.
Schon ya yi amfani da kusan harrufan abjadin da ake amfani da su a wannan zamani wajen rubuce-rubucensa na Hausa, in ban da ‘yan atishawa wato saututtuka kamar /c/, da /j/ da ‘yan ziza wato saututtuka da suka haɗa da /sh/, /s/, /z/, /f/ da/fy/ da hamzatattu saututtuka kamar /ɓ/, /ɗ/ da /ƙ/. Abjadin kuwa sun haɗa da: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, q, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, z. Kasancewar kunnen Schon na Jamusanci ne, shi ya sa sautukan ‘yan atishawa kamar: c, j, ts, sh, s, z da ‘yan zuza na Hausa kamar f, fy, sh, h, s suka gagare shi rarrabewa. Wannan ne ya haifar da hautsuna su.
Haka kuma, ya kasa tantance hamzantattun baƙaƙe. Wannan ne kuma ya wanzar da rashin harrufan ɓ, ɗ, ƙ, da ‘y a cikin abjadinsa. Wani lokacin yakan rubuta “gb” a madadin “b.” Ya kuma kasa gane bambancin gajeren wasali da ɗauri. Wannan ne ya sa yakan rubuta “baba” a wani wurin kuwa ya sa “babba” domin ya ɗauke su tamkar abu ɗaya ne. Wani lokaci yakan rubuta “dere” wani zubin kuwa ya rubuta “dare.” A wasu wuraren kuwa ya rubuta “taffi” da “teffi” a madadin “tafi.”[1]
Schon ya bayar da muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen aza harsashen ginin ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa, domin ana kyautata zaton cewa, shi ne Baturen farko da ya gabatar da jerin harrufan Hausa da yadda ake amfani da su wajen gina kalmomin Hausa, (Schon, 1885 p. xi-xii). Hasali ma da aikinsa na Nahawun Hausa aka yi amfani wajen koyar da Turawa ɗalibai harshen Hausa a ƙasar Turai, kamar yadda Bakura, (2012 p. 211) ya rawaito daga Baldin, (1977 p. 9-10).
3.2 Gudummawar Charles Henry Robinson
Robinson haifaffen ɗan Ingila ne. Yana ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan Ƙungiyar Hausa (Hausa Association), wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1890. Ƙungiyar ce ta ɗauki nauyin turo shi ƙasashen Afirka. Ya zauna a Libiya inda ya koyi harshen Larabci da Hausa. Wannan ne ya ba shi damar naƙaltar rubutun ajamin Hausa. Sakamako haka, Robinson ya samu damar sanin hamzantattun baƙaƙen Hausa, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin rarrabe su. Ana kyautata zaton shi ne ya fara yin ɗigagga a ƙarƙashin harrufa kamar “b” (zuwa “ḅ”) da “d” (zuwa “ḍ“) da kuma “k” (zuwa “ḳ“).
Sai dai ba ko’ina Robinson ke yin ɗigon ba. Wannan ya biyo bayan tasirin da rubutun ajamin Hausa ya yi masa, domin su kansu masu rubutun ajamin Hausa sukan rubuta harafin ƙan mai ruwa (ق) wani zubin su rubuta kaulasan (ك). A dalilin haka ne Robinson ya rubuta “karami” maimakon “k.arami” (ƙarami) ya kuma rubuta “k.aratu” maimakon “karatu.”
Abin tambaya a nan shi ne, daga ina Robinson ya samo wannan fasahar saka ɗigagga a ƙasan hamzantattun harrufa? Shin shi da kansa ya ƙago ko ilhami ya samu? Ko kuwa kwaikwayon fasahar ya yi?
Abin da ya kamata a tuna shi ne, ya koyi harshen Hausa da Larabci a ƙasar Libiya. Ita kuwa Hausar da ya koya, ya koye ta ne daga wasu malamai ko almajirai da suka fito daga ƙasar Hausa. Wannan ne ya ba shi damar naƙaltar ajamin Hausa. Ta hanyar rubutun ajamin ne ya mayyaze hamzantattun sautuka. Har ya yi ƙoƙarin kwaikwayon hanyar da Malam Shi’itu Ɗan Abdur-Ra’ufu ya yi amfani da ita a littafinsa mai suna Jaddil-Ajiz waƙaƙƙe na fiƙihu. A rubuce-rubucen tarihi da hannu ya kai kansu, malamin ne na farko da ya fara sanya ɗigagga a saman wasullan sama na harrufa “dal” (د) da “ba” (ب) da “kaulasan” (ك) domin su bayar da sautukan “ɓ” da “ɗ” da kuma “ƙ.”
Daga nan ne Rabinson ya ciranto wannan fasahar. Ke nan za a iya fahimtar cewa, Robinson ya gina ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausar boko a bisa tsarin rubutun ajamin Hausa. Saboda haka ne Robinson ya gaza cim ma Schon a fagen raba kalmomin Hausa.
Robinson ya bayar da gagarumar gudummawa a wannan fannin, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da talife-talifensa a ɓangaren nahawu da adabin Hausa. Ya yi amfani da su wajen koyar da Turawan Mishan harshen Hausa a Jami’ar Ingila a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara (19) don su sami damar yaɗa addinin mishan a ƙasar Hausa.[2] Da wannan aikin ne Turawan da suka biyo bayansa suka sami hasken kwaikwayon yadda Hausawa suka alamta sautukan muryoyin Hausa a tsarin rubutun ajamin Hausa.
4.0 Samar da sigar abjadin sautukan Hausa daga abjadin Ingilishi a Nijeriya
Bayan samuwar makarantun boko da yaɗuwar ilimin zamani da ƙaruwar yawan ɗalibai da ke shiga makarantun a sassa daban-daban da ke farfajiyar Nijeriya ta Arewa, babbar matsalar da ta fara fuskantar ma’aikatar ilimi ita ce ta ƙarancin littattafan karantawa a makarantun. Wannan ne ya sa a daidai lokacin da Hanns Vischer ya tafi London hutu a shekarar 1911. (Graham, 1966 p. 83) ya rawaito cewa, Hanns ya gudanar da tarurruka da masu ruwa da tsaki wajen tafiyar da harkokin mulkin mallakar ƙasar Hausa, domin ganin an samar da littattafan karatu a makarantar Nasarawa kafin ƙarshen hutun, saboda shiga sabuwar shekarar karatu a cikin watan Oktoba na shekarar 1911. Babbar matsalar da ya fara fuskanta, ba ta wuce ta rashin takamaiman abjadin da za su mayyaze saututtukan harshen Hausa a cikin sigar rubutun Hausar Boko ba.
A sakamakon fahimtar da ke akwai na cewa, abjadin Ingilishi ba ya ƙunshe da wasu sautukan Hausa kamar ɓ, ɗ, ƙ, ts, ‘y, sh, fy, kw, ƙw, gy, ky, da ƙy, ya sa tun a cikin watan Afirilu na shekarar 1910, Bishop Tugwell ya bayar da shawara ga Hesketh Bell[3] da ya ƙaddamar da wani kwamiti da zai ƙunshi mutane kamar su Miller da Bargery da Vischer da H.R. Palmer da E.J. Arnett, domin su tattauna game da matsalar wasu sautukan harshen Hausa da yadda za a magance lamarin. Wannan ya sa Hesketh Bell ya yi na’am da shawarar, tare da ƙudurin jinkirta buga littafin da Hanns Vischer ya rubuta mai suna Hausa Primer har sai bayan kwamitin ya zauna, sun cimma matsaya game da sigar abjadin sautukan Hausa da za a yi amfani da su.[4]
4.1 Gudummawar Turawan Mishan
‘Yan Mishan sun haɗu a Lakwaja inda suka gabatar da buƙatarsu ta a samar da wani tsayayyen abjadin da zai samar da wasu sautuka na harsunan Hausa da Nufanci da Yarabanci da kuma harsunan da ke Lardin Benuwe. Harshen Hausa yana da harrufa 29, idan aka cire harafin “q“ da “x” a matsayin harrufan da suka amince a yi amfani da su wajen rubuce-rubucen adabin mishan kamar yadda aka kawo cikin C.M.S., 1911/N.N.
4.1.1 Gudummawar Hanns Vischer
Hanns Vischer, shi ne mutun na farko a farfajiyar Nijeriya ta Arewa da ya fara shata ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausar boko. Ya tsara su ne a daidai lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin Daraktan Ilimi a Nijeriya ta Arewa. Ya rubuta maƙala da ya kira da suna: Rules For Hausa Spelling, wadda aka buga a farkon shekarar 1912. Sai dai Yahaya (1988 p. 126) ya ambaci Rules For Hausa Spelling a matsayin littafi ba maƙala ba. A tsarin abjadin Vischer, an kawo harrufa 28 ne kawai, yayin da aka cire harrufan “c” da “q” da “v” da kuma “x”.
Visher ya yi magana a kan baƙaƙe da wasulla da auren wasali kamar “au” da “ai” da wakilin suna da zagi da yadda ake samar da jam’i da lokutan aikatau. Haka kuma, ya bayyana cewa, duk kalmomin Larabci da ake amfani da su a cikin harshen Hausa da suka danganci addini da shari’a za a rubuta su kamar yadda ake furta su da Hausa. Sunayen Larabci kuwa za a rubuta su ne kamar yadda suke. Yayin da kalmomin Ingilishi kuwa sai a fassara su zuwa Hausa.[5]
Vischer, ya cancanci laƙabin Ɗanhausa, domin sautukan harshen Hausa ba su kuɓuce masa ba. Ya bayyana irin kalmomin da suka kamata a haɗa da waɗanda suka kamata a raba. Hasali ma, ba inda abjadinsa ya bambanta da na wannan zamanin sai a waɗannan muhallai:
1- Amfani da harafin “ch” a madadin “c” misali, ya rubuta “mache” a madadi “mace”
2- Ya kasa bambanta “y” da “‘y.”
3- Ya yi amfani da ɗigagga a ƙarƙashin hamzantattun baƙaƙe. Misali: “ḅ“, “ḍ“, “ḳ“ a madadin “ɓ“, “ɗ“, “ƙ.“ Sai dai an sami saɓani game da wannan, domin Yahaya, (1988 p. 126) cewa ya yi Hanns ya sauya alamar nan ta yin ɗigo zuwa yi wa harafi alamar hamza. Misali: /ḅ/ a rubuta shi haka /‘b/ wato /ɓ/, /ḍ / za a rubuta ta haka /‘d/ wato /ɗ/, yayin da /ḳ/ za a rubuta shi haka /‘k/ wato /ƙ/. Ya kuma nuna cewa da ƙa’idojin ne Bargery ya yi amfani wajen rubuta ƙamusunsa.
4- Yakan sa ɗauri a muhallin da babu ɗauri. Misali, “barra” a madadin “bara.”
5- Harafi /r/ da ke ƙarshen Kalmar nasaba ko haddasau yakan saje da baƙin da ke biye da shi. Misali, “rigad” da a madadin “rigar” da, ko “fitad” da a madadin “fitar” da.
6- Ya yi amfani da karan ɗori a sashen farko na tagwan kalmar da ke sarrafuwa. Misali, “ɗan-uwa,” “‘yan-uwa.” Su kuwa kalmomin da ake maimaitawa, sai ya haɗe su ba tare da karan ɗori ba. Misali, “saƙesaƙe” a madadin “saƙe-saƙe.”
4.1.2 Gudummawar George Parcy Bargery
George Parcy Bargery ya bayar da tasa muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen kyautata ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausar boko ta hanyar yi wa abjadin Hausa wasu gyare-gyaren da yake ganin sun dace da harshen Hausa. Daga cikin waɗannan gyare-gyaren da ya aiwatar sun haɗa da:
a. Watsi da tagwan harafin “ch” ya ɗauki “c”. Sai dai ya amince da harafin “sh” da “ts.” A fagen ɗauri ne kawai yake amfani da “–ssh” da “–tts”, ba “-shsh” da “–tsts” ba.
b. Amfani da waƙafi a gaban hamzantattun baƙaƙe a maimakon ɗigagga da ake sawa a ƙarƙashin baƙaƙen, misali, /‘b/, /‘d/, /k’/
c. Rashin nuna alamar tsawon wasali, sai wurin da ake jin mai karatu zai ruɗe. Idan haka ya zama wajibi, sai a yi layi a saman wasalin kamar a wannan misali: “Ko ya aike ni ba nã je ba.”
d. Rashin rarrabewa tsakanin ra-kaɗe da ra-buge. Ba kuma za a sa wata alama da za ta bambanta “n” ‘yar hanƙa da ‘yar hanɗa ba.
Kusan za a iya cewa, abjadin Bargery ya fi kusanta da kuma dacewa da lafuzzan Hausa fiye da na sauran da suka gabace shi. Haka ƙa’idojinsa na raba kalmomi sun fi na sauran, kamar yadda Zarruk, (1980 p. 117-8) ya bayyana.
Bayan wannan sahihiyar hanya da aka fara bi don ganin an samar da ingantaccen harsashen ginin ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa, an kuma yi ƙoƙarin kafa wasu hukumomi a cikin gida da ƙasashen Turai da aka ɗora wa alhakin kyautata ƙa’idojin da kuma haɓaka shi. A ƙasashen waje, hukumar da aka ɗora wa wannan aiki ita ce Hukumar Ƙasa Da Ƙasa Ta Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adun Afirka (International Insitute of African Languages and Cultures).
4.2 Hukumar Ƙasa Da Ƙasa Ta Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adun Afirka
Bincike ya tabbatar da kafuwar wannan hukuma a cikin watan Yuni na shekarar 1926, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Frederick John Dealtry Lugard. Hukumar ta ƙunshi ‘yan majalisar gudanarwa mutun goma sha biyar (15). Tana tattare da ƙungiyoyi 28 da ke sha’awar nazarin al’amurran da suka danganci Afirka, da ke da wakilai a ƙasashe goma a cikin nahiyar ta Afirka, tare da ƙungiyoyin mishan daban-daban da suka haɗa da Forotastan da kuma Roman Katolika.[6]
An kafa wannan hukuma ne domin ta samar da bayanai da suka danganci al’ummomin nahiyar Afirka. Tana kuma da manufar bayar da shawarwari tare da tallafi ga Turawa da ke tafiyar da wasu ayyuka na musamman a wasu sassan Afirka, da kuma bayar da gudummawa a kan sha’anin binciken kimiyya da ilimin halayyar al’adun ɗan’adam da kuma ilimin harsuna.[7]
Domin ganin ta cimma burinta, hukumar ta samar da mujalla guda biyu. Ɗaya an yi mata taken African Studies, wadda ta ƙunshi nazarce- nazarcen ƙwararru a kan wasu fannoni da suka keɓanta ga hukumar. Mujalla ta biyu kuwa an yi mata laƙabi da African Documents. Wannan mujalla ta ƙunshi ƙasidu da rubutattun matani waɗanda aka samu a rubuce ko ta hanyar shifta daga ɗan Afirka, aka kuma fassara su cikin harsunan ƙasar Turai.[8]
Muhimmin aikin farko da hukumar ta fara sa wa a gabanta bayan da aka kafa ta shi ne ƙoƙarin samar da daidaitaccen ƙa’idojin rubuta harsunan ƙasashen Afirka. An kwashe shekaru ba tare da haƙa ta cimma ruwa ba. Duk da haka Farfesa Westerman ya yi namijin ƙoƙarin shata wata ƙa’ida ta gaba ɗaya da ta shafi rubuta harsunan Afirka, ciki kuwa har da harshen Hausa. Ya yi hakan ne bayan ya samu damar ganawa da ƙwararru da dama, kamar yadda Lugard, (1928) ya nuna.
Sakamakon samuwar wannan hukumar ce da ayyukan da ta zartar ya haifar da wanzuwar gasar farko da ta samar da littattafan gasa kamar:
1. Hausa Stories na H. G. B. Nuhu
2. Hausa Stories na Malam Dodo
3. Zaman Dara na Malam Ahamet Mettenden.
4. Littafin Karatu Na Hausa na Malam Bello Kagara.
5. Takobin Gaskiya na Malam Nagwamatse Ɗan Alƙali Sakkwato, (Westerman, 1933 p. 102-103).[9]
4.2.1 Gudummawar Dr. R.M. East
A daidai shekarar 1933, Bargery yana ƙoƙarin kammala ƙamusansa, yayin da Ministan Ilimi kuma Shugaban Ofishin Fassara, Dr. R. M. East ke azamar tsayar da ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausar boko. Yana ƙudurin daidaita rubutun Ofishin Fassara da na Bargery. A Ofishin Fassara ana amfani da harafin “ch,” ana kuma saka wa hamzantattun harrufa ɗigagga a ƙasansu. Ga misalan wasu jumloli daga cikin “Ladabin Chiniki” da ke littafin Labaru Na Da Na Yanzu:
a) Ya kamata ka ḍebe malafo ko lema.
b) In ya karḅa maka ka shiga.
c) Sai ka fara chinikin abin da ya kawo ka.[10]
Duk da haka sai da East ya bayar da umarnin yin amfani da ƙa’idar rubutun Bargery tamkar yadda yake, kamar yadda Zarruk, (1980 p. 118) ya zo da bayanin.
Gwamnatin Jahar Arewa ta naɗa kwamiti tun a cikin shekarar 1932, wanda ya share kusan shekaru biyar yana kai da komawa kafin ya cimma matsayar yi wa harrufan “b” da “d” da “k” ƙugiya ko lanƙwasa a samansu maimakon ɗigaggan da ake yi a ƙasan harrufan. Domin ganin an cimma burin da ya sa aka naɗa kwamitin, takanas sai Dr. East wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan kwamitin, ya tafi Birnin Balin da ke ƙasar Jamus. A can ya tattauna da Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adun Ƙasashen Afirka, a inda suka kai ga matsayar da a rinƙa rubuta ƙugiya a kan harrufan “b” domin samar da sautin “ɓ”, haka harafin “d” domin samar da sautin “ɗ,” da kuma harafin “k” domin samar da sautin “ƙ.”
Yayin da East ya dawo, sai ya sanar da Gwamnatin Jahar Arewa, aka aminta tare da bayar da sanarwar amincewa da waɗannan alamun sautukan Hausa. An buga wanan a Mujallar Gwamnatin Nijeriya (Nigeria Gazett, Government Notice) No. 396, ta 24 ga watan Maris na shekarar 1938, kamar yadda Yahaya, (1988 p. 127) ya zo da bayanin. Binciken na Yahaya ya nuna cewa, R.C. Abraham ne farkon wanda ya fara amfani da waɗannan sababbin alamomin sautukan harrufan wajen rubuta ƙamusunsa mai Suna: Dictionary of the Hausa Language wanda London University Press suka buga a cikin shekarar 1946.
5.1 Sakamakon bincike
Don ƙoƙarin farko na samar da rubutun Hausa da harrufan Romawa, Turawa ne suka yi ba Hausawa ba. Yunƙurin da a rubutaccen tarihi ya kasance na farko shi ne na Bajamushe James Frederic Schon. Ko da rubutun nasa bai daidaita sosai ba, shi ne dai na fari da tarihi ya kawo, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙarƙashin 3.1.
Wanda tarihi ke jin amonsa a matsayin jigo na biyu da ya yi wa rubutun Hausa aiki ma Bature ne, wato Charles Henry Robinson. Ƙoƙarinsa ba abun a mance ba ne kasancewar yadda kai tsaye aikinsa ya samar da wani sauyi ga fasalin rubutun Hausa, wato inda aka fara amfani da ɗigagga a ƙasan baƙaƙe domin bambance hamzantattun harrufa (ḳḅḍ), kamar dai yadda aka tattauna a ƙarƙashin 3.2 da ke sama.
An samu sababbin sauye-sauye a lamarin rubutun Hausa sakamkon ƙoƙarin George Parcy Bargery kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙarƙashin 4.1.2 da ke sama. Ya yi ƙoƙarin samar da sababbin ƙa’idojin rubutu, ciki har da sauya ɗigagga da ake yi wa hamzantattun harrufa zuwa amfani da hamza domin fayyacewa. Ko baƙaƙe masu ƙugiya da suka kasance muhimman jigo a cikin rubutun Hausa a yau, ƙoƙari ne na Turawa. Sun samu ne sakamkon ƙaƙarin Dr. R.M. East da sauran mambobin Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna Da Al’adun Ƙasashen Afirka kamar yadda aka kawo a ƙarƙashin 4.2.1 na wannan takarda.
Ko ma mene ne ƙuduri ko ɓoyayyun manufofin Turawan da suka yi ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa’idojin rubutun Hausa, a wannan ɓangaren gudummawarsu a bayyane take. Ana iya fahimtar abubuwan da suka taimaka musu wajen samun waɗannan nasarori. Haƙiƙa, har gobe amfani da matakan zai taimaka wajen ciyar da Hausa gaba musamman ta fuskar samun daidaiton ƙa’idojin rubutu. Sun haɗa da:
i. Jajircewa da aiki tuƙuru bisa sadaukarwa domin cimma manufar da aka saka a gaba
ii. Haɗin kai da cire ɓangaranci ko ra’ayin riƙau (ƙi-faɗi) yayin tattauna batutuwan ilimi domin samun matsaya mafi nagarta da dacewa
iii. Bin matakai da suka dace na yaɗa matsaya da aka cimma game da sababbin ƙa’idoji da sakamako da aka samar
5.2 Kammalawa
Ayyukan da Turawa suka aiwatar ga harshen Hausa sun haifar da bunƙasar harshen, musamman idan aka yi la’akari da ayyukan Hanns Vischer da G.P.Bargery da R.M. East da R.C. Abraham. Da a ce an ɗora kan jajircewa da aiki tuƙuru irin na waɗannan Turawa, lallai da Hausa ta wuce matsayin da take a yanzu ta fuskar bunƙasa da yaɗuwa. Cire Hausa da ake ta ƙara ƙoƙarin yi daga jadawalin makarantun firamare da sakandare ya yi hannun riga da yadda aka riƙi Hausa a da. Hakan kuwa ba zai haifar wa harshen ɗa mai ido ba.
Manazarta
Abraham, R.C. (1975). Dictionary of Hausa Language. University Press LTD.
Bakura, A.R. (2012). Gudummawar Turawa Wajen Samuwa Da Ginuwar Adabin Hausa, Kundin digiri na uku Ph.D Hausa, Sashen Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo, Sakkwato.
Baldi, S. (1977). Systematic Hausa Bibliography.
Bunza, A. M. (2002). Rubutun Hausa (Yadda Yake Da Yadda Ake Yin Sa). Lagos: Ibrash Islamic Publ-ication Centre LTD.
East, R.M. (b.Sh.). Hanyar Rubuta Hausa, Zaria: Gaskiya Corporation
Graham, S.F. (1966). Governmemt And Mission Education In Northern Nigeria 1900-1919 With Special reference to the work of Hanns Vischer, Ibadan: University Press.
Hair, P.E.A (1967). The Early Study of Nigerian Languages,West African Language Monograph, Cambridge: University Press.
Hanns, V. (1912). Rules For Hausa Spelling, Zungeru: Government Printing Office.
Kano, J.B. (2006). Ƙamusun Hausa, Kano: Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nijeriya, Jami’ar Bayero.
Kirk Greene, Anthony (1964). The Hausa Language Board. Berlin: Afrika under Ubersee, Band XLVII.
Lugard, F.D. (1928). Institute And Its Work, Journal of the International Institute of African Languages And Cultures. Volume 1, No.1, January, London: Oxford University Press.
Macmillan (2007). English Dictionary For Advanced Learners, Macmillian Publishers Limited New edition.
Malimfashi, I. (2007). Adabin Abubakar Imam, Kaduna: Garkuwa Media Services LTD.
Newman, P. (2000). The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Gramma, London: New Haven, Yale University Press.
Education Department, Nigeria. (1931). Labaru Na Da Da Na Yanzu. England: J.W. Northend Limited, West Street.
Robinson, C.H. (1896). Speciment of Hausa Literature, Cambridge: University Prees Warehouse.
Sa’id, B. (2005). Ƙa’idojin Rubutun Hausa: Jagora Ga Marubuta, Kano Benchmark Publishers Limited.
Webster, M. (2000). Webster’s Nith New Collegiate Dictionary, U.S.A: Springfield, Massachusettes.
Westerman, D. (ed) (1928). Journal of the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Vol. 1, No. 1.
Yahaya, I. Y. (1988). Hausa A Rubuce: Tarihin Rubuce-Rubuce Cikin Hausa, Zariya: Gaskiya Corporation Limited.
Zarruk, R. M. (1980). Lafazin Hausa a taƙaice. Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University.
[1] A duba Newman (1974 p. 3-4).
[2] A duba Bakura (2012 p. 155) domin ƙarin bayani.
[3] Bishop Tugwell da Hesketh Bell jagorori ne da ne kula da sha'anin gudanar mulkin mallaka waɗanda aka danƙa wa haƙƙin tafiyar da lamarin ilimi da samar da daidaitaccen lafazin sautukan harshen Hausa da babu a harshen Turanci. Sun yi haka ne domin samun damar nazarin ciki da wajen ƙasashen Hausa domin cimma manufarsu ta mulkin mallaka. Bakura, (2012) ya kawo ƙarin bayani.
[4] Domin ƙarin bayani a duba fayil ɗin kundin tarihi na C.M.S.,1910/(N.N.)No.37.
[5] A duba Vischer, (1912 p. 3) da Graham, (1966 p. 84) da Zarruk, (1980 p. 116-7).
[6] A duba International Institute, (1928 p. 10).
[7] Hukumar ta sha alwashin danganta duk wani sakamakon binciken da aka aiwatar da rayuwa ta haƙiƙa da ta shafi al’ummomin Afirka ta yadda binciken zai amfani jami’an mulkin mallaka da na sashen ilimi da na ɓangaren ma’aikatar lafiya da masu kula da jin daɗi da walwalar al’umma da Turawa ‘yan kasuwa da ke zaune a nahiyar Afirka (Lugard, 1928 p. 2).
[8] Ire-iren waɗannan bayanai sun ƙunshi labarai da waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo da kacici-kacici da karin Magana da tarihi da wasu hanyoyin gudanar da al’adu da ke ɗauke da bayanai nau’i-nau’i da suka haɗa da tsarin sarautun al’ummomi da al’adunsu da hikayar mafari da kuma uwa-uba lamarin addini.
[9] Sai dai ba a samu damar buga waɗannan littattafan ba.
