Cite this article as: Bakura, A.R. & Sani, A-U. (2023). Gudummawar Sarakuna Wajen Bunƙasa Ilimi a Nijeriya Ta Arewa. Tasambo Journal of Language, Literature, and Culture, (2)1, 98-106. www.doi.org/10.36349/tjllc.2023.v02i01.012.
Daga
Dr. Adamu Rabi’u BAKURA1
1Department of Languages and Cultures, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria
Tsakure
Kafin tsarin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya, al’amarin ilimin al’uamma ɗungurungum a hannun sarakuna yake. Bunƙasar ilimi ko komabayan hakan ya ta’allaƙa ne ga jajircewar sarki da muƙarrabansa a wannan fannin. Ƙudurin wannan maƙala shi ne leƙa fagen tarihi domin zaƙulo irin rawar da sarakunan Arewa suka taka wajen ilmantar da al’ummar wannan yankin ta fuskar ilimin zamani (boko) da na addinin Musulunci. Kadadar nazarin ta taƙaita ne tsakanin 1909 zuwa 1966. An ɗora shi bisa tsarin binciken laburare (library research) inda aka zaƙulo bayanai daga kundatattun fayil-fayil da wallafe-wallafe. Binciken ya gano cewa, sarakunan wancan lokaci sun yi namijin ƙoƙari wajen kafa ingantaccen tushen ilimi ta fuskokin da suka haɗa da nuna goyon baya da bayar da tallafi. Haka kuma, takardar ta bayar da shawarwarin da suka haɗa da nuna yadda ɗaukar hannu daga wannan ƙoƙari na mazan jiya zai iya samar da sauyi mai nagarta ga lamarin ilimi.
Fitilun Kalmomi: Ilimi, Sarakuna, Ƙasar Hausa
1.0 Gabatarwa
Ko da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka zo Nijeriya ta Arewa, sun iske yankin da faɗi da yawan al’umma. Bayan haka, garuruwan sarakunan ƙasar Hausa suna da kyakkyawan tsarinsu na shugabanci da aka gina bisa ƙa’idar gudanar da mulki irin na addinin Musulunci. Haka kuma suna da iliminsu na rubutu da karatu cikin harshen Larabci da Ajamin Hausa. Waɗannan nau’ukan rubutu an daɗe ana amfani da su wajen sadarwa da gudanar da harkokin mulki da ilimantarwa da sauran sha’anonin addini. Mutanen wannan yankin ba a same su haka kurum kara zube ba. Suna da kyakkyawan tsari da wayewar kai irin nasu.[1]
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun iske ƙasar Hausa kusan a kowane lungu da saƙon da Musulmai ke zaune akwai makarantar allo. A makarantun allon ne akan koya wa yara karatu da rubutun Muhammadiyya. Akwai kuma makarantun ilimi inda ake koyar da fannonin ilimummuka masu zurfi. Sun haɗa da tafsiri da hadisi da adabin Larabci da nahawu da balaga da lissafi da hisabi da waƙe da kuma ilimin yanayin ƙasa da sauransu (Abdurrahaman, n.d p. 55-6).
Nazarce-nazarcen da suka gabata sun bayyana cewa, lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka samu gindin zama a Nijeriya, hankalinsu ba ya kan komai face arzikin ƙasar. Sun samar da tsare-tsare daban-daban da za su taimaka musu wajen cimma manufofinsu, ciki har da kawo karatun boko.[2] Ilimin bokon bai samu gindin zama ba sai da sa hannun sarakuna.
Yanzu da al’amuran karatu ke ta samun ƙalubale iri-iri a ƙasa, akwai buƙatar bibiyar tarihin gwagwarmaya da ƙoƙarin mazan jiya wajen tabbatar da nasarar karatu a yankunansu. Hakan zai kasance waiwaye adon tafiya inda za a iya zamanantar da falsafofin wancan lokaci domin amfani da su wajen inganta yau da goben ilimi a ƙasar Hausa.
1.1 Dabarun gudanar da bincike
Kadadar wannan bincike ya taƙaita ne ga yunƙurin zaƙulo gudummawar sarakuna ga bunƙasa ilimi. Ta fuskar zamani kuwa, an taƙaita kadadar tsakanin shekarar 1909 zuwa 1966. Zamani ne da ya kasance gabanin tsarin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya.
An gina wannan takarda ne bisa tsarin binciken laburare (library research). Bayanan da aka tattara kai tsaye an same su ne daga kundatattun tarihi da suka haɗa da bugaggun littattafai da adanannun rahotanni. Ayyukan da aka fi mayar da hankali kansu su ne kundatattun rahotanni game da batun takardar, musamman waɗanda aka tattaro daga fayil-fayil da ke ƙarƙashin mallakin Hukumar Gidan Tarihi, Sakkwato (Sokoto History Bureau). Sannan an ba da ƙarfi sosai kan ayyukan Tibenderana, (1988) da Sufi, (1993) da Lugga, (2004). Daga cikinsu ne aka ciro muhimman bayanan da suka shafi gudummawar sarakuna ga bunƙasa ilimi waɗanda sakamakon binciken ya dogara a kansu. An yi amfani da dabarar kwatanta bayanai domin tattance bayanan da aka samu.
2.0 Gudummawar sarakuna ga bunƙasar ilimi
Kasancewar sarakuna a matsayin iyayen al’umma kuma majiɓanta al’amurran rayuwarsu, sun fahimci ilimi ne ginshiƙin cigaban kowace irin al’umma. Hasali ma, duk al’ummar da ta rasa shi za ta kasance ‘yar baya ga dangi. Wannan ne ya sanya sarakunan yankunan ƙasar Hausa suka riƙa zage dantse domin ganin tsara ba su tsere wa al’ummarsu ba wajen mallakar ilimin zamani (karatun boko) gwargwadon buƙata. Ba su tsaya a nan ba, har ma sun inganta ilimin addinin Musulunci ta hanyar kafa makarantun koyar da harkokin shari’ar Musulunci da na horar da malaman Larabci da sauran fannonin ilimin addinin Musulunci.
Sarakuna sun ba da gudummawa ta fuskoki mabambanta ga cigaban ilimi a ƙasar Hausa. An tattauna waɗansu daga cikinsu a ƙarƙashin 2.1 zuwa 2.10 da ke ƙasa.
2.1 Bayar da goyon baya ga tsarin ilimin zamani (boko)
Yayin da aka buɗe makarantar farko a shekarar 1905 a Sakkwato, da farko Sarkin Musulmi Attahiru na II bai bayar da goyon baya ba domin gudun kada ‘ya’yansu su zama Kiristoci (Ibrahim, 1979 p. 32). Amma daga baya sun yi na’am da sabon tsarin ilimin da Turawa suka zo da shi. A wannan gaɓa ana iya tambayar cewa “ko me ya sa suka amince da wannan shiri na karatun boko ga ‘ya’yan nasu?” Akwai dalilai da suka haifar da hakan waɗanda sun haɗa da:
1. Sun fahimci cewa, ba ilimin addinin Kiristanci ake koyar da ‘ya’yansu ba, kuma ba a yi amfani da ilimin wajen mayar da ‘ya’yan Musulmi kiristoci ba.
2. An kuma ƙarfafa wa ɗaliban makarantar bokon halartar makarantun Muhammadiyya bayan an tashi daga makaranta.
3. An sanya darussan addinin Musulunci a tsarin manhajar makarantar bokon.
4. An tanadi malaman da za su koyar da fannonin addini a makarantar.
5. Sun fahimci cewa an shata bayar da sabon tsarin ilimin ne ga ‘ya’yansu don amfaninsu (Tibanderana, 1974 p. 395).
Sakamakon haka sai suka fara tura ‘ya’yansu makarantar. Sarkin Gwandu ya tura ɗalibai biyu. Sarkin Tambuwal ya tura ɗalibai biyu. A daidai shekarar 1907 yawan ɗaliban makarantar da ke Sakkwato suka kai 36, waɗanda suka fito daga gidajen sarautar Sakkwato, Gwandu da kuma Argungu, kamar yadda Taiwo (1986 p. 45) da Malumfashi, (2009 p. 38) suka nuna. Sai dai a wata takardar bayanin tarihin Kwalejin Nagarta, an kawo jerin sunayen ɗaliban da aka ɗauka a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 1907, kamar haka:
Jad 1: Sunayen ɗaliban da aka ɗauka ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, 1907 daga masarautar Argungu da masarautar Sakkwato
S/N | Masarautar Argungu | Masarautar Sakkwato |
1. | Na-Annabi | Alhaji Zakari |
2. | Labbo | Bayero |
3. |
| Ijewa |
4. |
| Ladan |
5. |
| Lamiɗo |
6. |
| Isa |
7. |
| Macciɗo |
8. |
| Maiturare |
9. |
| Dango |
10. |
| Ummaru |
11. |
| Joɗi |
12. |
| Altine |
Madogara: Selection of Students for the Middle School. BKMS.10/32, Gwandu Division
A shekarar 1912 ne kuma aka buɗe Elimantare a Sakkwato wadda ta fara aiki da malamai biyu (2) (Malam H.M. Jibrilu da Malam Ɗayyabu). Malaman sun samu horo daga makarantar Ɗan Hausa da ke Kano. A 1914 aka buɗe makarantar ‘ya’yan sarakuna a Birnin Kebbi wadda ta fara da ɗalibai hamsin da shida (56). Tibenderana, (1974 p. 394) ya tabbatar da cewa, Sarkin Argungu ya nemi a buɗe masa makaranta a shekarar 1912, amma bai sami biyan buƙata ba sai a 1918.
Tun daga wancan lokacin ne aka yi ta samun cigaban ilimi da sauye-sauyen tsari har makarantar (ta Sakkwato) ta kai ga matakin yaye ɗalibai da dama da suka bayar da gagarumar gudummawa ta fuskokin rayuwa da dama. Misalansu sun haɗa da: Alh. Shehu Aliyu Shagari tsohon shugaban ƙasa, Alhaji Shehu Muhammadu Kangiwa, tsohon gwamnan Jahar Sakkwato, Dr. Garba Na-Dama, tsohon gwamnan Jahar Sakkwato, Wazirin Sakkwato Alhaji Dr. Junaidu, Sarkin Gwandu Alh. Haruna Rashid wanda ya taɓa riƙon ƙwarya na muƙamin gwamnan tsohuwar Jahar Arewa a shekarar 1965, da Sarkin Kabin Argungu Alh. Muhammadu Mera da Sarkin Yawuri Alh. Muhammadu Tukur, da M. D. Jega (Sarkin Gwandu na yanzu) da Birgediya Janar Usman Yaro da kuma manyan malaman jami’o’i da dama kamar Farfesa A.M. Bunza da sauransu.
Irin wannan goyon baya ne ya haifar da yawaitar makarantun Elimantare da makarantun lardi da na sana’o’i da na horar da malamai da makarantar ilimi mai zurfi, wadda aka kafa a Zariya cikin shekarar 1952 mai suna: “Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology.” An kafa ta ne damin bai wa ɗaliban sakandare damar shiga Kwalejin Jami’ar Ibadan don karatun fannin aikin likita.
Daga wannan makarantar ce mutane kamar Kanal Ahmad Ali daga lardin Kabba da Dr. Datti Ahmad daga lardin Adamawa da Dr. Isyaku Aliyu daga lardin Katsina suka sami zuwa Jami’ar. Ta goyon bayan ne aka samu damar buɗe Tsangayar Lamurran Mulki da ke Zariya (Institute of Administration) a 1946, inda aka rinƙa karatun fannin mulki da na akawu da na hada-hadar kuɗaɗe. Ita ce kuma daga bisani ta zama wani sashe na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello. Sannan kuma, an samar da Cibiyar Horar Da Ma’aikata (Staff Development Centre) wadda ta zama Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyyar Ƙere-Ƙere (Kaduna Polytechnic) a shekarar 1968.[3]
A ɓangaren ilmantar da ‘ya’ya mata kuwa, sarakuna sun bayar da haɗin kai fiye da kima. A Katsina, Sarki Dikko buɗe makarantar ya yi a shamakinsa. Ɗaliban makarantar sun kai kimanin 20. Cikin ɗaliban har da matarsa ‘yar sarkin Kano Abbas wadda ake yi wa laƙabi da Fulani Mai-Ɗaki. Wata Baturiya mai suna Miss Robinson ce ta shugabanci makarantar (Sufi, 1993 p. 158).
A Kano kuwa, an buɗe makarantar mata a shekarar 1930. An gina ta a kan kuɗi fam 2,259.00. Sarkin Kano Abdullahi Bayero ne ya fara saka ‘ya’yansa mata a makarantar waɗanda suka haɗa da Saudatu da A’ishatu da Abu da Mairiga. Ya kuma umurci ‘yan majalisarsa da su saka ‘ya’yansu a makarantar.[4]
Lardin Sakkwato kuwa, Sarkin Musulmi da Sarkin Gwandu sun buƙaci a buɗe makarantun mata a masarautunsu. Sun yi alƙawarin za su biya malamai Mata Turawa da za su koyar albashi. Amma an nuna irin yadda ɗawainiyarsu take cin kuɗi. Saboda haka, suka nemi a samo Yarabawa a maimakon Turawan kamar yadda Tibenderana, (1974 p. 404) ya kawo. Irin wannan yunƙuri ya wanzar da samuwar mata a sassa daban-daban da suka bayar da gudummawa wajen cigaban wannan yanki.
2.2 Samar da wuraren koyo da koyarwa
Lamarin koyo da koyarwa abu ne da ke buƙatar natsattsen muhalli da kyakkyawan yanayin wurin zama. Wannan ne ya sa Turawan sukan yi ishara da wurin da ya dace a kafa makarantar. Su kuma sarakunan ƙasar Hausa suna ɗaukar ɗawainiyar gina makarantun. Misali, bayan an buɗe makaranta a cikin birnin Sakkwato a 1905, sai aka fito bayan birnin aka yi ginin makarantar wato wajen Ƙofar Taramniya. An gina ta ne a muhallin da Kwalejin Nagarta take a yanzu. Sarkin Musulmi ne ya yi ruwa da tsaki wajen gudanar da aikin. Da ya kammala aikin, sai suka tare a shekarar 1914.[5]
A Kano kuwa, sarkin Kano na lokacin ya bayar da gidansa ne da ke Nasarawa inda aka fara karatu. An yi amfani da wasu ɗakuna biyu a matsayin azuzuwa (Graham, 1966 p. 79). Sai dai an samu saɓanin ra’ayi, yayin da Sufi (1993 p. 227) ya nuna makarantar ta fara zama ne a Unguwar Bompai da ke Kano kafin a gama ginin ainihin wurin zaman a Nasarawa.
A Katsina kuwa, an gina makarantar ne a cikin filin gonar da Sarkin Katsina Muhammdu Dikko ya bayar da ke Rafukka. Kuma shi ya ɗauki ɗawainiyar gina Kwalejin Katsina ɗin. An gina ofishin malamai da azuzuwan karatun ɗalibai da ɗakunan kwanansu. Shi kuwa Wazirin Katsina Alhaji Haruna ya bayar da filin gonarsa don a yi filin wasan makaranta, kamar yadda Lugga (2004 p. 59) ya nuna. Hasali ma duk inda aka ƙaddamar da tsarin karatun boko, sarakunan wuraren su ke da alhakin samar da gine-ginen da za a yi karatu a cikinsu tun daga lokacin da aka fara karatun har zuwa lokacin da gwamnatin mulkin soja ta karɓe lamurran tafiyar da ilimi daga hannun sarakuna.
2.3 Samar da masaukai
Tun da aka fara karatun boko a makarantar Ɗan Hausa da ke Kano, wadda ta zama ta kwana ce da ta ƙunshi ɗalibai daga sassa daban-daban na lardin Jahar Arewa, sai ya zama wajibi a tanadar wa ɗalibanta masauki. Kuma an samar musu da masaukai bisa la’akari da lardunan da suka fito. Hasali ma, kowane ɗalibi yana tare da matarsa da mai yi masa hidima. An yi haka ɗin ne don a kawar da bambancin yanayin zaman rayuwar makaranta.[6]
A wasu lardunan kuwa, an gina makarantar ne tare da wurin kwanan ɗaliban, musammam a irin su Kwalejin Katsina wadda aka gina a shekarar 1921 da makarantar horon malamai waɗanda aka gina a garuruwan Bauchi da Katsina da Maru a cikin shekarar 1930. Bayan haka, hukumar En-E-En-E na wuraren da makarantun suke ne ke da alhakin samar da masaukan. Lugga, (2004 p. 50) ya tabbatar da cewa, a daidai wancan lokacin ana amfani da yumɓu da duwatsu wajen aiwatar da gine-ginen azuzuwan ɗalibai da wajen kwanansu.
2.4 Biyan albashin ma’aikata
Da yake ba wani aiki da zai gudana kamar yadda aka tsara sai da masu gidan rana (kuɗi). Turawa sun ɗora alhakin biyan albashin ma’aikata da tafiyar da muhimman al’amurran (ayyukan) da suka dangaci cigaban ilimin a wuyan hukumomin En-E-En-E. A wannan tsarin an shata cewa duk wasu gine-gine da biyan albashin ma’aikatan hukumar ilimi da sauran malamai ‘yan ƙasa da ke koyarwa, al’amari ne da ya rataya a kan En-E (N.A.). Su kuwa Turawa ma’aikata da malaman makaranta, albashinsu na fitowa daga aljihun gwammanatin mulkin mallaka, kamar yadda Ozigi da Ocho (1981 p. 44) suka bayyana.
Tsarin biyan albashin ya danganta ne da irin sakamakon darajar karatun da mutun ya samu bayan ya kammala makarantar. An tsara biyan albashin bisa matakin darajar takardar karatu kamar haka:
Jad 2: Tsarin biyan albashin waɗanda suka kammala Kwalejin Katsina
Maki (marks) | Daraja (Grade) | Albashi (salary) |
94 – 100 | I | f 12:10s |
76 – 93 | II | f 7 :10s |
50 – 75 | III | f 5 :00 |
0 – 49 | Failure | f 4 :00 |
Madogara: Lugga (2004 p. 61)
Wannan tsarin albashin waɗanda suka kammala Kwalejin Katsina kuma suka aminta za su kama aikin koyarwa a lardunansu ke nan. Sai dai malaman makaranta da suka mallaki takardar shaidar malanta mai daraja ta biyu (Grade II) akan ɗora su ne a kan albashin fam uku (f 3:00) a wata in ji Lugga, (2004 p. 31). Ta haka ne hukumomin En-E suka ɗauki takalihun biyan albashin malaman makaranta.
2.5 Ciyar da ɗalibai a makarantu
A farkon lamarin, makaratun boko na kwana ne amma duk da haka ba a lamunce wa ɗalibai su dafa abinci ba. Saboda haka ne aka gayyato masu sayar da abinci, su kai abincin sayarwa a harabar makarantar domin sayarwa. Musammam ma a Kwalejin Katsina inda Sarkin Katsina Muhammadu Dikko ya tilasta wa masu sayar da abinci da su kasa kayan abincinsu a harabar makarantar domin sayarwa ga ɗaliban. Wannan ne ya wanzar da wata ƙaramar kasuwa a cikin makarantar da aka yi wa laƙabi da “Ƙasuwar Dole.” A lokuttan bukukuwan Babbar Sallah (Sallar Layya) Mai Martaba Sarkin Katsina Muhammadu Dikko yakan aika wa ɗaliban da raguna. A cikin watan azumi kuwa, daidai lokacin da yake raba zakka, yakan aika wa ɗaliban kayan abinci. Kusan wannan al’ada ce ga sarakunan Arewa na tallafa wa ɗalibai da abinci.
Za a yi mamakin jin cewa, ba a dafa abinci a makarantu. Don haka tambayar da mutun zai yi ita ce, ta yaya za su sami kuɗin sayen abinci tun da ba kyauta za a ba su ba, ba kuma bara za su yi ba? Yadda lamarin ya kasance shi ne, kamar a Kwalejin Katsina, kowace masarauta da ke da ɗalibai da suke karatu a makarantar, takan bai wa kowane ɗalibinta sulai talatin a kowane wata a matsayin kuɗin abinci da wasu lalurori. Kuma takan biya masa fam biyar duk wata a matsayin kuɗin hidimar makaranta da tafiyar gani-da-ido (excursion) zuwa Ikko (Legas) idan an samu hutu.[7]
Yayin da makarantu da ɗalibai suka fara yawaita, sai hukumomin En-E (N.A.) suka rinƙa tanadin kayan abinci isassu domin ciyar da ɗalibansu. Wasu lokuttan ma sai an nemi shugabannin makarantun su zo su karɓi abinci a wajen mai kula da raba abincin. Hasali ma, duk shugaban makarantar da ba ya buƙata, yakan bayyana ne a rubuce (N.A/A/07/6/314 na shekarar 1965). Nau’in kayan abinci da ake rarraba wa makarantun a wancan lokacin sun haɗa da shinkafa da dawa da gero (Girls, No.10/vol.111/532 na 1962).
Ta fuskar ɗaliban da suka tafi makarantu na gaba domin zurfafa iliminsu a matsayin almajirai ba ma’aikata ba, hukumar En-E ce ta ɗauki nauyin lamarin, kamar yadda fayil na N.A./3/263/s.1/14:16 ya nuna.
2.6 Inganta karatun addinin Musulunci
Kasancewar sarakuna jagororin lamurran addini kuma iyayen al’umma, a kullum sukan yi tunanin hanyoyin da za su inganta tare da kare rayuwa da dukiyoyi da kuma mutuncin al’ummominsu. Irin wannan tunani ya sa masarautar Kano ta buɗe makarantar horar da ma’aikatan shari’a bisa tsarin addinin Musulunci. Wannan makaranta an sanya ta a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Malam Sulaiman Ma’ajin Kano a shekarar 1928. Makarantar an san ta da suna Shahuci Judicial. Sufi, (1993 p. 148) ya bayyana cewa, an fara karatu a makarantar da ɗalibai takwas. Ɗaliban su ne: Shehu da Murtala da Sani da Nu’umanu da Mamunu da Ibrahim da Aminu da Basiru. An fara gudanar da karatun ne a kan sigar tsarin karatun gargajiya. An fara da karanta littattafai da suka haɗa da Tuhfatul Hukkami da Li’irabi da Lamiyya da Muɗala’a da Tafsiri da Hadisi da Tarihin Annabi S.A.W.
Yayin da makarantar ta haɓaka sai aka ƙaro mata wasu malamai domin su koyar da karatun boko. Malaman kuwa su ne:
a. Malam Baƙo Bauchi
b. Malam Umaru Ɗan Madakin Kano
c. Malam Muhammadu Makwarari
d. Ma’aji Abdullahi
A daidai lokacin da Ma’aji Sulaiman yake shugabantar makarantar, dole ne sai ɗalibi ya hardace littafin Tuhfatul Hukkami. Shi ne kuma ya fara tsara wasan kwaikwayo, a inda yakan tsara masu ƙara da alƙali da shaidu daga cikin ɗalibai, domin ya jarraba yadda za a bi bahasi da zartar da hukuncin shara’a. Shari’ar na kasancewa a kan rabon gado ko bashi ko ciniki ko matsalar aure ko wata magana ta daban. An buɗe ɗakin karatu domin amfanin ɗalibai da al’ummar gari. Zuwan Malam Ali Abubakar ya kawo wani muhimmin sauyi a fagen tsarin gudanar da makarantar a fasalin azuzuwa.[8]
2.7 Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari’a ta Kano (Law School Kano)
Tunanin kafa wannan makaranta ya fito ne daga Wazirin Kano Alhaji Muhammadu Giɗiɗo, bayan ya kai ziyara a makarantar da ake kira “Gordon School”, wadda ake koyar da fannin Shari’ar Musulunci. Sakamako irin yadda ta ƙayatar da shi, sai ya roƙi hukumar Sudan su je Kano su buɗe irin wannan makaranta. Yayin da ya dawo Kano, ya shawarci Sarkin Kano Abdullahi Bayero game da buɗe irin makarantar da ya gani a Sudan. Sarkin kuma ya gabatar da wannan buƙata a gaban Majalisar Sarakunan Arewa a shekarar 1931. Sarakunan suka amince da wannan buƙatar.
Sai dai Turawan Mulki ba su zartar da buƙatar ba sai bayan shekara biyu. Da aka zo kafa makarantar sai aka buɗe ta a Katsina, madadin Kano kamar yadda aka nema. Dalilin hakan kuwa shi ne, akwai kwaleji ta karatun boko a can Katsina inda aka haɗa su. A wata ruwayar an ce, Sarki Dikko ne ya yi ƙoƙarin a buɗe ta a garinsa, domin cigaban al’ummarsa.[9]
A shekarar 1934 an mayar da mazaunin makarantar Birnin Kano, sakamakon ƙin dawowar malaman makarantar daga hutun da suka tafi, saboda irin yadda kuraye ke yi musu kuka da daddare a bayan gidajensu. Su dai Malaman Larabawan Khartoum ne kamar yadda Sufi, (1993 p. 176) ya tabbatar. A wannan makaranta ana koyar da littattafai irin su Risala da Adawi a shekarar farko da ta biyu. A shekara ta uku da ta huɗu kuwa, ana karantar da Muhtasar da Tarihin Annabi (S.A.W.) da Larabci da lissafi.
Harshen koyarwa kuwa shi ne Larabci. Wannan makaranta ta shahara da suna “Madarasatul Shari’atul Kubra,” wato babbar makarantar shari’a. Ta Shahuci kuwa, sai aka rinƙa kiran ta Madarasatul Shari’atul Sugura, wato ƙaramar makarantar shari’a. Waɗannan makarantu sun yaye ɗalibai masu yawa da suka bayar da gudummawa a ɓangaren harkokin shari’ar Musulunci a faɗin lardunan ƙasar nan.[10]
A cikin shekarar 1946 ne makarantar ta koma sabon wurin zaman da aka gina mata, tare da sauya mata suna zuwa School for Arabic Studies (S.A.S). Tun daga lokacin ne ta zama makarantar koyar da harshen Larabci. Akwai hasashen an yi haka ɗin ne don a dakushe ƙarfin shara’ar Musulunci domin gudun kar ta yi tasiri a zukatan matasa. Za a iya tabbatar da haka idan aka yi la’akari da wanda aka bai wa shugabancin wannan makaranta mai suna Mr. Whitting.
Samar da wannan makaranta ba ƙaramar gudummawa ba ce idan aka yi la’akari da irin sakamakon da ta bayar ta hanyar samar da manyan alƙalai da mashahuran malamai da muhimman mutane da suka bayar da gagarumar gudummawa wajen bunƙasa Nijeriya ta Arewa da Nijeriya baki ɗaya, har ma da ƙasashen ƙetare. Misalai daga cikinsu sun haɗa da Marigayi Malam Isa Sulaiman Wali, wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, ya kuma taɓa zama Babban Jakadan Nijeriya a Ghana. Akwai kuma Marigayi Ali El-Nafaty wanda ya bayar da gudummawa wajen bunƙasa Addinin Musulunci. Sannan akwai irin su Dr. Aliyu Abubakar da Malam Isa Waziri da Na’ibi Sulaiman Wali da sauransu.
Kamar yadda Sufi, (1993 p. 185-6) ya nuna, a yayin da makarantar ta koma School for Arabic Studies ta yaye muhimman mutane da suka haɗa da:
a. Mai Martaba Sarkin Kano Alhaji Ado Bayero
b. Mai Martaba Sarkin Daura Alhaji Muhammadu Bashar
c. Farfesa Shehu Galadanci[11]
d. M. D. Yusuf[12]
e. Farfesa Alhaji Aliyu Na’ibi Suwaid
f. Dr. Ɗahiru Yahaya
2.8 Makarantar Khadi ta Sakkwato
An buɗe Sakkwato Khadi School ne da ɗalibai biyar (5) a shekarar 1957. A shekarar 1958 ta ɗauki ɗalibai 15. A shekarar 1959 kuwa ta ɗauki ɗalibai 10. Da farko an yi tanadin azuzuwa huɗu ne sai dai ba a ɗauki ɗalibai ba sakamakon rashin samun waɗanda suka dace. Ana zaton an kafa makarantar ne a wajajen shekarar 1946 a sakamakon sauyin da makarantar shari’a ta Kano ta samu. Kafin sauyin akan tura al’ummar lardin Sakkwato Kano domin karatun fannin shari’a. Saboda haka ne suke hangen in har ba su kafa Khadi School ba, sauyin da aka samu zai iya yi musu illa babba.[13]
Makarantar ta sami sauye-sauye da dama domin an inganta ta tun daga shekarar 1960. Manhajar makarantar ta ƙunshi sassa biyu ne, sashen karatun Larabci da kuma sashen da ake koyar da karatu da rubutun Romawa (boko) da lissafi. Wannan sauyin ya samar da rukunin malamai kamar haka: Bayan shugaban makaranta akwai malaman Arabiyya biyu da malamin da ke koyar da fannin boko guda ɗaya. Ta fuskar ɗalibai ma sauyin ya shafe su, domin an shata ƙa’idar ɗaukar ɗalibai kamar haka:
i. Dole sai ɗalibin da ya kammala karatun Alƙur’ani mai tsarki.
ii. Dole sai wanda ke da ilimin sanin hukunce-hukuncen addinin Musulunci da shari’a da lugga da sauransu.
Majalisar Mai Alfarma Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar III ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta makarantar tare da faɗaɗa iliminta domin ta dace da ilimin shari’a daidai da wanda ake samu a makarantar shari’a ta Kano.
A cikin shekarar 1967 aka sake fasalin makarantar, ta zama “Higher Islamic Studies.” Hakan ya samar da wata kafa ta horar da malaman Larabci waɗanda za su karantar a makarantun firamare da muhti-muhuti waɗanda za su yi aiki a majalisar alƙalai da kuma waɗanda za su samu damar shiga Kwalejin Abdullahi Bayero da ke Kano don samun takardar shaidar karatun digiri a fannin Larabci da sauran fannoni (Kadi, SKT/39/4/44/ 1960-67). Wannan makaranta ta taimaka wajen samar da jami’an ma’aikatar shari’a da na ilimi da dai sauran fannonin inganta rayuwar al’umma.
2.9 Makarantar islamiyya
Sarakuna sun nuna kishin zuci da kishin al’ummarsu wajen ganin sun aza tubalan inganta ilimin da zai amfani al’ummarsu a rayuwar yau da gobe. Sakamakon irin waɗannan kyawawan manufofi ne ya haifar da kafuwar makarantar islamiyya a Birnin Kano. Sufi, (1993 p. 214) ya kawo cewa, hakan ya faru ne biyo bayan ziyarar da Sarkin Kano Abdullahi Bayero ya kai a wata makaranta da ke Masar a shekarar 1937, inda ya ga yadda Misrawa suka tsara harkokin koyar da fannin ilimin addini a makarantunsu. Sarkin ya nemi wani Bamisre mai suna Abu Sa’ud ya zo Kano ya tsara musu irin wannan tsarin koyarwa.
Yayin da Abu Sa’ud ya zo Kano sai aka yi amfani da makarantar Elimantire ta Ƙofar Kudu, aka buɗe ajin yamma domin fara gudanar da irin tsarin karatun Misrawa. Ɗaliban makarantar safe suka rinƙa dawowa da yamma suna ɗaukar darussan Larabci da sauran fannonin addinin Musulunci. Makarantar ta zama sashe biyu ke nan, sashen safe wanda Malam Wada ke shugabantar malamai kamar su Malam Baƙo Bauchi da Malam Abba (Ka) da Malam Umaru Ɗan Madaki. Akwai kuma Malamin Larabci, Malam Nasiru Kabara da Malamin sana’a, Alhaji Na-Soron Ɗinki.
Sashen yamma kuwa, akwai Malam Abubakar Mai Saje a matsayin shugaba, da kuma Abu Sa’ud. A sashen ana koyar da littattafai kamar haka: As’halul Masaliki da Durusul- Nahawiyya da wani littafin Larabci mai suna Ƙira’atul Asariyya wanda shi Abu Sa’ud ɗin ke koyarwa. Kuma shi ne ke koyar da darussan motsa-jiki da harkokin kiwon lafiya kamar yadda Sufi, (1993 p. 218) ya nuna. Wannan ce makarantar islamiyya ta farko a Arewa, ba kamar yadda Nadabo, 2010 p. 902) ya nuna ba.
2.10 Kafa kantin sayar da littattafan Larabci
Fahimtar muhimmancin littattafai a wajen koyo da koyarwa wanda lamarin karatu bai tafiya daidai sai da su, shi ya sa Sarkin Kano Abdullahi Bayero ya umurci Abu Sa’ud ya buɗe shagon sayar da littattafan Larabci domin su wadatu. Kuma aka kawo Malam Lukumanu na Unguwar Darma domin ya taimaka masa. Daga baya aka kawo wani mutumin Sudan mai suna Malam Usman Tayyib domin aiki a kantin. Wannan lamari ya taimaka wa almajirai da malamai wajen mallakar littattafai cikin sauƙi.
3.0 Sakamakon bincike
Haƙiƙa a inda aka fito, sarakunan ƙasar Hausa sun kasance al’ummarsu ce a zuciyarsu. Hakan ne kuma ya zama sinadarin cigaban al’ummar yankin. Domin kuwa, sun fito ne a matsayin “jagorori” ba “shuwagabanni” ba kawai. Kyawawan misalai da suka bayar a aikace na tura ‘ya’yansu makarantu ya taimaka kai tsaye wajen ƙarfafa wa al’ummarsu guiwa da yi musu azama.
Irin wannan yanayi lamarin karatun Nijeriya ya rasa a yau wanda hakan yana daga cikin dalilan da kullum ake kukan gwara jiya da yau. Idan dukkannin ‘ya’yan mahukunta za su kasance cikin makarantun gwamnati, tilas za a rinƙa waiwaiyar lamuran makarantun a-kai-a-kai domin tabbatar da ingancin ilimi da kyautatuwar muhallin karatu.
Kamar yadda bincike daban-daban na masana da manazarta suke nuni da cewa, cigaban al’umma na da alaƙa ta kai tsaye da iliminta, za a iya kallon hakan ga yadda lamarin ya kasance a ƙasar Hausa. Ingantaccen ilimi cikin yanayi mai kyau shi ya kai ga an samu ‘yan ƙasa masu hazaƙa da tarihi ba zai taɓa mantawa da su ba. Ciki har da Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello da Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Ɓalewa da Alhaji Abubakar Imam da Alhaji Sa’adu Zungur da Alhaji Aminu Kano, kamar yadda aka yi bayani a ƙarƙashin 2.1 zuwa 2.10 da ke sama.
A bisa wannan, “tun ran gini tun ran zane,” domin kuwa makaranta bagire ne mai muhimmanci da mutum ya dace ya ga soyayyar ƙasa a gare shi. A nan ne kuma za a iya bin duk waɗansu matakai da suka kamata na cusa masa gaskiya da riƙon amana da hazaƙa da kuma so da kishin ƙasa.
Samuwar ilimi ga al’ummar Hausawa a farkon al’amari, haɗakar ƙoƙari ne na sarakuna da sauran mahukunta da kuma iyaye. Goyon bayan iyaye ga karatun ‘ya’yansu abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci da tasiri ga cigaban karatu. A bisa haka, ya wajaba ga iyaye su yi ƙoƙarin sauke nauyin da Allah ya ɗora musu na tarbiyyar ‘ya’yansu ta hanyar ba su ingantaccen ilimin addinin Musulunci da na zamani.
4.0 Kammalawa
Tarihi ya daɗe yana nuna yadda mazan jiya suka kasance masu jajircewa wajen cigaban al’ummarsu. A zamanin mulkin En-E (N.A.), sarakuna sun bayar da gudummawa wajen aza harsashin ilimin da ya zama sanadin ciyar da al’ummar ƙasa gaba. Irin wannan taimakon ne ya haifar da samuwar ‘yan ƙasa nagari masu kishin zuci da kishin ƙasarsu waɗanda suka kawo wa al’ummar ƙasa hanyoyin cigaba da ke tattare da alheri. Irin waɗannan ‘yan ƙasa sun bayar da tasu gudummawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Har gobe akwai darussan ɗauka daga cikin wannan ƙoƙari na mazan jiya ta fuskar bunƙasa harkokin ilimi. Za a iya ɗaukar hannu musamman daga jajircewarsu da kishinsu da cire son rai da sadaukarwarsu tare da yin abu bisa zuciya guda.
Manazarta
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Abraham, R. C. (1975) Dictionary of Hausa language. University Press LTD.
Al- Rufa’i M. S. (200) Tarihil Adabil – Arab, First edition. Darul kutub Alami.
Bakura, A.R. (2012) Gudummawar Turawa wajen samuwa da ginuwar adabin Hausa [Kundin digiri na uku da ba a wallafa ba]. Jami'ar Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sakkwato, Nijeriya.
Bargery, G.P. (1993) A Hausa-English Dictionary and English-Hausa Vocabulary. Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited.
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Graham, S. F. (1966). Government and education in Northern Nigeria 1900 – 1919 with special reference to the work of Hanns Vischer. University Press.
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[1] Domin samun ƙarin bayani kan yadda Turawan mulkin mallaka suka iske ƙasar Hausa, sai a duba Ilorin, (n.d p. 31-2) da Abdurrahman, (n.d p. 42) da Yahaya, (1988 p 89-90).
[2] A duba Sani da Maikwari, (2019) domin ƙarin bayani.
[3] A duba Lugga, (2004 p. 34)
[4] A duba Sufi, (1993 p. 161).
[5] Domin ƙarin bayani ana iya duba Shagari, (2003).
[6] Ozogi da Ocho, (1981 p. 44-5) sun kawo cikakken bayani.
[7] Lugga, (2004 p. 55-6 da 81) ya kawo ƙarin bayani
[8] Domin samun ƙarin bayani, a duba Sufi, (1993 p. 153).
[9] A duba Sufi, (1993 p. 179).
[10] A duba Sufi, (1993 p. 183).
[11] Shi ne mataimakin shugaban Jami’ar Sakkwato na farko wanda ya dasa mana harsashin alheri, wanda kuma ya taɓa zama Jakadan Nijeriya a ƙasar Saudiyya.
[12] Ya taɓa zama shugaban ‘yan sandan Nijeriya.
