Abstract: The notions of slave and slavery still reverberate the global history of mankind which might have apparently left Africans in disadvantaged positions. Besides, these might have allowed substantial reposition and/or redistributions of the wealth of the people of African descent. These activities might also have resulted in human displacements across geographical locations obviously changing the identities of the victims. The reasons above might tend to locate the notions of slave and slavery in the past but recent phenomena reflected in a variety of literature suggest and present persistence of slavery shaped in multiple forms. This paper traces the phenomenon of slavery in selected Hausa Home Videos and identifies its status and nature in the Hausa-folk tradition. The videos perceive the notions of slave and slavery through a variety of elements such as proverbs and idioms. Equally important, the paper interrogates the notions of slave and slavery and shows how and probably wonders why the new meaning in Hausa Home Videos. The paper further situates some of the characters as slaves and how their experiences shape their slavery. Moreover, the paper goes further to consider some acts as modern slavery; these include human trafficking, political persuasion, and domination amongst others. The paper concludes and suggests education in its most basic form as amour against oppression, domination, slavery and its attendant factors.
Keywords: Slave, Modern Slavery, Domination, Hausa-folk, Hausa Videos
By
And
Abu-Ubaida Sani
Abu-Ubaida Sani
Citation: Gobir, Y.A. & Sani, A-U. (2019). Modern Slavery in the Hausa-folk: Traces from the Hausa Home Videos. In International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), Volume VI, Issue IX, pp 14-19 ISSN 2321–2705. (Online) Available at: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijrsi/ digital-library/volume-6-issue-9/14-19.pdf
1.0 Introduction
The current underdevelopment of Nigeria and
African countries as a whole could directly or indirectly be linked with
slavery activities (Lange, 2004). Unfortunately, slavery still persists, by taking
new forms and strategies, the act of which is termed modern slavery. Modern
slavery is an emerging global issue that businesses need to be alerted to and be
prepared to address (Rio Tinto, 2016). As a cultural, social and economic
phenomenon however, the strength of the norms against it is eroding, subject to
unscrupulous business conducts, government indifference and indeed political
tribulations.
Modern
slavery is an existing phenomenon in places including Nigeria, and specifically
within the Hausa-folk. A number of Hausa Home Videos reflect this notion. The
videos depict various forms of modern slavery showing their negative impact on
the economic, social and overall sustainable development of the society in
question. This paper concentrates on pinpointing instances of various kinds of
modern slavery in the Hausa Home Videos; thereby showing, indirectly, its
nature and effect within the Hausa-folk of the 21st century. Nevertheless, the
paper is specifically interested in finding answers to the following questions:
i.
Does modern
slavery exist within the Hausa-folk?
ii.
If it does,
what is its nature or form?
iii.
What effect
does modern slavery has on overall sustainable development?
2.0 Slavery
In
the global history, slave and slave trade were formally abolished after the
1807 abolition act. However, slaves and slavery have been among the major
topics for history studies. Ade & Okon eds
(2010) noted the continual reverberation of the subject to be as a result of the magnitude of the human tragedy they represented as well as the continuing
relevance of their aftermath in contemporary times. Slavery has been
characterized to involve:
i.
Forcing an
individual to work through mental or physical threat
ii.
An
individual owned or controlled by an employer
iii.
An individual having restrictions on his/her freedom of movement
iv.
Treating an
individual as a commodity, which could be sold or bought
v.
Mental and
physical abuse (Puma, 2015; AI, 2017).
There were instances when slaves attempted
running away. In such cases, the slave(s) owner(s) usually made an announcement
describing the slave(s) for possible recall/reclaim. Umaru as quoted by
Ferguson (1973: 231) disclosed that, when such slaves were found, they were
more often not killed, rather received severe punishments. They would be tired
up and seriously humiliated. In such cases, no elder or important person will
go to the victims’ aid, as running away was a grave offense for a slave.
During slavery age among the Hausa-folk, how
slaves responded to their captivity depended upon a number of variables. Paul,
(2011) noted some of those variables as follow:
i.
Their positions
in the society
ii.
Age
iii.
Gender
iv.
Work regime
v.
Whether the
victim was captured or born into slavery
vi.
Proximity
between the place of slavery and the place of enslavement
vii.
Concentration
of slaves who have a similar identity, which is likely to give them the opportunity of teaming up.
3.0 The Hausa
Home Videos
The emergence of Hausa Home Videos, as an aspect of literature, however, is indeed
an introduction of another mirror from which the society can be viewed. In
fact, it is termed wasan kwaikwayo in
Hausa, which is a compounding of two words, the former referring to play while the letter imitation. As such, it is right to
conclude that, the Hausa Home Videos depict the thoughts, feelings, lifestyle
and the sum culture of the Hausa alongside the communities they interact with,
their (the Hausa Home Videos) deviation from the expected norms notwithstanding.
Danjuma,
(2014) holds that, the first drama which took place on earth could be traced
back to the time of Adam and Eve. That was when their only two sons had
misunderstanding leading to one killing the other. The killer was confused about
what to do with the corpse. There and then, two angels descended in the form of
birds. The two birds fought and one killed the other. The killer instantly dug
a hole and buried it (the dead bird). Thereafter, humanity began to imitate
such an act of burial.
In
Nigeria, the first drama was played in 1903 under the directive of Herbert
Macaulay (Alfred, 1978; Ali, 2004). That was indeed before the amalgamation of
1914 and the independence of 1960 (Isichei, 1997; Douglas, 2004). Though Hausa
Home Videos were well known between 1980 and 1984 (Gidan Dabino, 2001), they
were not developed until around 1990 (Fage, 2011). The development was subject
to the emergence of three drama groups notably: i. Gwauron Dutse, ii. Karate
and iii. Garanya. They produced their first set of dramas viz: Hukuma Maganin ‘Yan Banza or Criminals
are to Face the Law, ‘Yan Daukar Amarya
or Bridesmaids, and Bakar Indiya or
The Black Indian. These dramas were produced by Alhaji Hamisu, Muhammad Gurgu
and Sani Lamma, who were also the first Hausa Home Videos’ producers (Gidan
Dabino, 2001; Ali, 2004).
4.0 Traces
of Slavery in the Hausa Home Videos: What Matters?
Literature and human behavior are mutually
interrelated and they influence each other respectively. It is obvious that the
influence of literature is indispensable in the human’s mind. (Shirley, 1969;
Helmut & Jurgen, 1991; Sani, 2016). Notwithstanding, literary works are, on the other hand, definitely
affected (to some extent) by the
central setting of the community (CNRS in Science Daily, 2014). Perhaps, “the
central setting of the community, in one way or the other, is likely influenced
by the writer’s mental power and experiences. Whatever one might say could then
have elements of socio-cultural influence” (Sani, 2016: 9).
5.0 Modern
Slavery
Though slavery is often assumed to be a thing
of the past, the fact is not the way it seems to be. James, (2015) noted that, recent
estimates from the International Labour Organization and the Global Slavery
Index affirms that between 20.9 and 35.8 million people are currently trapped
in a situation in which one or more other people exercise powers of ownership
over them. However, a significant percentage of the population are children.
Number
of pieces of literature indicating the existence of slavery, have recently increased. Junju
(2001) considered the western world’s enforcement on African counties regarding
issues ranging from economic, political as well as sociological, indirect slavery.
However,
various forms of modern slavery have been identified, which could be discussed
under the following subheadings:
Trafficked
individuals are moved away from their families and homes. They are taken to
either a distanced and unknown place within the same country or even different
country. Such individuals may end up in forced labor, sexual slavery, etc. A
trafficked could have either been:
i.
Forcefully
abducted,
ii.
Tricked by
a trusted friend or family member or
iii.
Deceived by
an agency, which promises a better life with a well-paid job.
An
instance of human trafficking is traceable in a Hausa language home video
entitled Safara (Trafficking). The
movie features Ahmad, Indo, Alhaji Ibrahim, Kalisha, Hajiya, Jawal, and Hasira alongside
others. Hajiya has a gang she manipulates to get beautiful ladies, whom she sells
out to Alhaji Ibrahim. The girls are thereafter transported to Dubai and
subjected to prostitution.
Alhaji
Ibrahim on the other hand deceptively marries Kalisha after he wins her love
and that of her family by frequent gifts. He as well deceives a young man Ahmad
together with his proposed wife Indo, that they follow him to Dubai, where they
will work in a palace. They all (Kalisha, Ahmad and Indo) agree out of ignorance
and thirst for riches.
At
Dubai, Alhaji Ibrahim hands Kalisha and Indo to his boss, Jawal. They are
subjected to prostitution though they show serious resistance. Ahmad remains
astonished and doubtful of the situation. He later finds a way to report Alhaji
Ibrahim to the Nigerian Embassy in Dubai. Consequently, Alhaji Ahmad is arrested
alongside Jawal, Harisa as well as Hajiya.
Another
instance of this form of modern slavery could be found in the Hausa language
home video Aikatau (Housemaid-ship).
Girls from villages are entrusted in the hands of Hajiya Babba who brings them
to the city in the name of getting them jobs. However, they are subjected to
prostitution. It has gone to the extent that some of them, including Mariri
converts to a full-time prostitute. Thereafter,
Hajiya Babba sells Lantana to Baba Karami who sacrifices her for cultism.
5.2 Child Abuse
This
form of slavery exists when a laborer is below the minimum legal or expected
age. Circumstances oblige some young people to have to work for survival. In
that manner, they engage in labor quite beyond their physical and mental
situations, thereby having a negative impact in their life (physically or
psychologically) (Hitman, 2014; AI, 2017). Among the Hausa communities of
today, there are three basic reasons resulting in child labor these are:
a.
Almajiri
education
b.
Polygamous
homes in which a wife died leaving children in the hands of a wicked woman
c.
Being and
orphan
A
Hausa home video Basma shows how a
girl named Basma undergoes a severe hardship in the hand of Fati, otherwise
Aunty as Basma addresses her. Basma’s parents are civil servants who leave the
house early morning, only to return in the evening. Fati, on the other hand, is a
housemaid in the hands of whom Basma’s care is entrusted.
However,
Fati maltreats Basma by constant beating, nagging and assigning her different
works. She bathes her with very cold water, which causes her pneumonia. She
also threatens her with a knife, that she will kill her if she reveals anything
that happens.
In
another Hausa home video entitled Dan
Almajiri (Poor Almajiri Boy), Ahmad is subjected to child abuse. His
parents are divorced, where each marries and belongs to a new family. They both
reject Ahmad who lives a miserable life joining almajiri students. He roams
about on streets and begs for food. He remains in the pitiful situation until
when a car knocks him down as he tries crossing a road. He is hospitalized and
his parents are asked for. That leads the issue to the court of law, where Ahmad's
parents are called to order.
5.3 Forced
Marriage
Another
form of modern slavery is when a girl or woman is forced to marry a certain
person without giving her any choice. It could be vice versa in a few cases; thus,
a person is forced to marry a lady out of necessity. In marital homes, such
wives are usually humiliated and subjected to physical and psychological
slave-like situations. ILO, (2017) disclosed that 15.4 million people were
estimated to be living in forced marriage as of 2016. Out of the number, about
6.5 million occurred between 2012 and 2015, which perhaps 88% of the victims
are women. This indeed shows the persistence of the cases of forced marriages.
A
Hausa home video entitled Tawakkali (Faith) is a good instance of forced marriage
as modern slavery. Tani, the heroine has a lover named Ado. However, her uncle
forces her to marry Alhaji Sambo, a man whom she dislikes. Tani is left without
option but obeys her uncle out of necessity.
Sai Na Kashe Mijina (I
Shall Kill My Husband) is another instance of forced marriage. Jamila is forced
to marry Bello, after which there has never been peace in the family. She
creates all sorts of controversies so that Bello divorces her. She disappoints
him in public and whenever he has visitors at home. She often promises killing
him. One day, she starves him with a knife and leaves the house thinking that
Bello is dead. Bello on the other hand manages to crawl out of the house
seeking assistance. He is taken to the hospital immediately. In the hospital,
Jamila yet attempts killing him before he regains consciousness. She fails and
leaves for her old lover.
5.4 Sexual
Slavery
This
is when an individual is kept mainly in a restricted place and subjected to
sexual molestations a long side other threatening acts. Females are usually the
victims of sexual slavery, though, young boys sometimes are the victims too.
An
instance of sexual slavery is traceable in the Hausa home video entitled Dijangala. Rabi’u, the major male
character, comes from an influential family. He has a garden in a village where
Rabi’u visits frequently to supervise its activities. He suddenly develops
sexual lust towards a girl name Dijangala in the village, who is the major
female character of the film.
On the other hand, an uncle to Dijangala and under whose care she is working in the
garden under Rabi’u’s supervision. Noticing who Dijangala is to her uncle,
Rabi’u requests that she works in the garden’s office as a cleaner. Dijangala’s
uncle agrees and introduces her to the garden. Rabi’u uses that opportunity and
rapes Dijangala.
Depriving minority groups access to education
(by whatever means, such as proximity, inconsideration, and discrimination
among others), is indirectly subjecting them to socio-economic and indeed
educational inequality (Yabo, 2009; Umar, & Illo, 2014). They remain victims of discrimination from access to
political and other socio-economic benefits. The only remedy to the situation
is by providing educational means to their teaming population. If education is
properly given to them (the minority groups), they will fully be integrated
into the mainstream of the Nigerian society (Abu-Ubaida et al, 20172). The educational situation, especially in
rural areas, is non-recommendable. The problem of overpopulation, inadequate
teaching and learning materials, poor laboratories and libraries, inadequately
qualified teachers and inadequate welfare of teachers are among problems of
education (Masello, 2014; Abu-Ubaida, et al, 20171). However, this
is indirectly denying the victim population access to education.
In a Hausa home video entitled Hedimasta (Headmaster), an instance of
this form of modern slavery is traceable. It features a village with absolute
illiteracy. The teachers who are sent to the village’s school lack knowledge of
the subject matter not to talk of pedagogics. In fact, they are themselves,
illiterate. Consequently, barbarism looms the village.
5.6 Bonded
Labor
Originally,
this is a situation where a person is forced to work as a means of payment for
a loan. It is also known as debt bondage.
In such cases, the laborer only receives food and shelter after working harder
than normalcy. However, this type of modern slavery is rare, if at all, in the
Hausa-folk. Yet, there is a similar situation of barantaka. Barantaka is a
situation in which an individual known as bara
works for an influential person for a reward of which could only suffice the
individual food and shelter. Such individuals never have chances in life. The
person’s family will grow up in the same situation for the fact that the children
would have no means to education (Harees, 2012).
However,
there are other forms of slavery, which are not common in the Hausa-folk. They
include
a. Forced
Labor: It is an instance in which individuals, groups,
political parties or even government recruit people illegally to work against
their (victims’) wish. They usually receive little or no pay for their
services. They are sometimes even violated or given punishments.
b. Descent-Based
Slavery: This type of slavery has to do with ethnic,
tribal or religious groups in a society. It is a situation whereby a group is
considered valueless and thus, fits to be responsible for all slave-like works.
However,
in a speech during the Make Poverty History Campaign at UK (2005),
Mandela said:
Like apartheid and poverty,
slavery is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by
the actions of human beings.
(Mandela, 2005)
James, (2015) noted that the campaigns by
organizations and indeed government against modern slavery have been more of
mouth talks than taking coordinated steps for its total eradication.
6.0 Findings
of the Study
In accordance with the information obtained by
the study, the following are its major findings:
i.
Modern
slavery still exists within the Hausa-folk.
ii.
Modern
slavery within the Hausa-folk is of different forms, which include, child
labor, forced marriage, human trafficking, non-access to education and
socialization and sexual slavery.
iii.
Modern
slavery has a significant negative effect on the overall sustainable development
of the community in question.
7.0 Discussions
of Major Findings
Instances
of the existence of modern slavery within the Hausa-folk could be traced in
various Hausa Home Videos. Such videos showcase the reflection of, among others,
the cultures, norms, believes and in deed, the activities going on within the
society. This argument is inline with the assertions of Shirley, (1969); Helmut
& Jurgen, (1991) and Sani, (2016), who believed that humans’ thoughts and
believes within a given society are the building blocks of the literary works
of such societies.
Modern
slavery within the Hausa-folk takes divergent dimensions. One of such is human
trafficking, which has been exemplified from two Hausa Home Videos. Safara (Trafficking) has taken us
through a situation in which girls are transported to other counties after
which they are subjected to prostitution. The victims are mostly deceived by
promises of job opportunities and riches. Others are victims of abduction. Similarly,
girls are brought from villages to cities in the name of housemaid services.
Whereas, the real objective is to put them into prostitution.
Instances
of child abuse as a form of modern slavery have been given from Basma and Dan Alamajiri (Poor Almajiri Boy) respectively. In the former,
Basma suffers from child abuse in the hands of the housemaid. This is a challenge to
working mothers of today who entrusted the care of their children in the hands
of housemaid(s). These children are denied parental care. They grow up without basic life orientations. In the later, Ahmad undergoes similar situation
subject to divorce between his parents. Indeed, divorce has been one of the
major factors that situation children into hardship and helpless conditions as
noted by Sani & Tsaure, (2017).
Forced
marriage is another form of modern slavery within the Hausa-folk. The Hausa
language home video Tawakkali (Faith)
showcases this situation by presenting Tani as a victim of forced marriage. She
suffers psychological unrest of higher extent, which is a problem to human
health. Similarly, Jamila is forced to marry Bello, in Sai Na Kashe Mijina (I Shall Kill My Husband); the situation which
leads to many of Jamila’s attempts of killing him. Forced marriage is indeed a
disastrous act, which leaves the victims in depression and anxiety. That could
make them capable of going to any length to exit the union. In 2017, various cases
involving forced marriage victims killing their husbands were recorded within
the Hausa-folk in Northern Nigeria.
Furthermore,
sexual slavery is another form of modern slavery, which causes depression of
higher extent to the victims. During recent years, cases of rape in
Northern and Southern Nigeria are becoming more alarming. As the victims are
usually female, some of them are lured or deceived with riches; while others
are forcefully raped. A picture of this form of slavery is depicted in Dijangala.
Moreso,
non-access to education is another form of modern slavery. It has been an issue
among the Hausa-folk especially as a result of almajiri education. Almajiri
students are usually children from poor families taken to schools (almajiri
schools), that lack systematic organization and planning. They are left without
proper guidance and basic orientations for the children of their ages. On the
other hand, the government’s effort on educational development (especially in rural
areas) is below average. A good picture of such situation is given in Hedimaster (Headmaster). As noted by Masello, (2014) and Abu-Ubaida et al, (20171), schools
in the village are usually faced with mass problems ranging from poor
infrastructures, unqualified and inadequate teachers as well as inadequate
teaching materials among others.
However,
bonded labor, otherwise known as barantaka
in the Hausa language, is another causative factor to non-access to education.
This is because, the victim and his family only manage to make ends meet, thus
cannot afford extra expenses on the educational pursuit.
Therefore,
the negative effects of modern slavery could be summarized as follow:
i.
Repositioning
and population redistribution, as in the case of human trafficking
ii.
Hopeless
society with a high rate of unemployment resulting from noneducation and
inadequate or nonparental care, orientation and upbringing
iii.
Increase in
criminal acts within the society as a result of high rate of unemployment and
illiteracy
iv.
Decline in
foreign investment and tourism resulting from non-confidence on the safety of
life and property
v.
Increase in
poverty
vi.
Increase in
corruption
8.0 Conclusion
and Suggestions
Though slavery may be a notion of the past, its
existence today (21st century) is obvious. However, it has taken new
forms and dimensions, which indeed camouflage the practices leaving researches
with no option but term it modern
slavery. There have been campaigns by governments and organizations for the
eradication or at least pushing back the practices to the minimum level; notwithstanding,
that has been more of say than action. Nevertheless, modern slavery is a
phenomenon that needs urgent attention for peaceful co-existence and the overall
development of every community. Hence, it is a treat to peace as well as social
and economic developments. The following were suggested based on the findings
of the study:
i.
Education
shall be a matter of priority to the government. This will reduce modern
slavery victimizations subject to vulnerabilities resulting from ignorance.
ii.
There shall
be impartiality and nontolerance to corruption in dealing with cases relating
to modern slavery.
iii.
Community
based organizations, as well as traditional and religious leaders, should be incorporated
to work alongside government agencies in sorting out and dealing with cases of
modern slavery. In line with this, there should be orientations by the bodies
aforementioned, which could serve as enlightenment against ignorance of modern
slavery.